·µ»ØÊ×Ò³ | ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ |

 

½ø»¯ÂÛµÄÃÔ;

 

    Ö÷ÕŽø»¯ÂÛµÄÈË˵£¬¡¸¸ßµÈ¡¹¶¯ÎïÊÇÓÉ¡¸µÍµÈ¡¹¶¯Îï½ø»¯¶øÀ´£¬¸÷ÀàÉúÎﶼÓÐѪԵ¹Øϵ£¬ÈË×Ô¼ºÒàÊÇÓɱäÐγæ(°¢Ã×°Í)ËùÑÝ·¢µÄ¡£ÕâÑù×÷ΪÁýͳµÄÔ­ÔòÀ´Ëµ£¬²»µ«Ã»ÓÐÀ§ÄÑ£¬²¢ÇÒ»¹ºÃËÆ˳Àí³ÉÕ£¬ÄÑÓÚ·ñ¶¨¡£µ«Ïêϸ׷ËÝÿһÀàÉúÎïµÄ¡¸½ø»¯¡¹Â·Ïߣ¬¼´Ëùν½ø»¯Ê·(Phylogeny)£¬Ò༴ÊÇ×·¾¿ËüÃǵÄ×æÔ´£¬±ãÊÇÀ§ÄÑÖØÖØ£¬¼´Ê¹±ÏÉúÑо¿¸÷ÀàÉúÎïµÄר¼ÒÃÇ£¬ÒàÊÇ×ÔÈÏÎÞÖªµÄ¡£

 

¡¾Ñ°Ë÷²»µ½µÄ½ø»¯Ê·¡¿¼ÓÖÝBiola College´óѧǰÉúÎïϵÖ÷ÈÎBolton Davidheiser²©Ê¿ÊÕ¼¯°Ëʮһ¸ö×ÅÃû½ø»¯ÂÛѧ¼Ò(´ó¶àÊýÊÇ´óѧÀïµÄ¶¯Îïѧ½ÌÊÚ)µÄ×Å×÷Öж԰ËʮһÀදÎïµÄ½ø»¯Ê·£¬×ÔÈÏÄÑÓÚÈ·ÑÔ£¬»òÍêÈ«ÎÞ·¨Á˽⡣¼¸ºõÿһÀàÉúÎïµÄ½ø»¯Ê·¶¼ÓÐÕùÖ´¶øÎÞ¶¨Â۵ġ£×ÈÑ¡ÔØÆäÖÐһС²¿·ÖÈçÏ£º

    ÉúÃü(Life)£º¡¸ÎÒÃDz»ÖªµÀÉúÃüÈçºÎ¿ªÊ¼¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªAnn H. Morgan

    ¶¯Îï½ç(Animal kingdom)£º¡¸¶¯Îï×î³õ¶ø×îÖØÒªµÄ½ø»¯²½Ö裬½ÏÖ®Ö²ÎïÊǸü°µÃÁµÄ¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªPaul B. Wiess

    Ô­Éú¶¯Îï(Protozoa)£º¡¸µ¥Ï¸°ûÉúÎïµÄ×æÏÈÊÇÉõ÷ᣬÎÒÃǼòÖ±²»ÖªµÀ¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªCleveland P. Hickman

    ÏËë³æ¸Ù(Ciliata)£º¡¸ÎÒÃDz»ÖªÏËë³æ¸ÙÊÇÔõÑù²úÉúµÄ...¡¹¡ª¡ªGordon Alexander

    ááÉú¶¯Îï(Metazoa)£º¡¸ááÉú¶¯ÎïµÄ×æÏÈÊÇÒ»¸öÒÉÄѵİÂÃØ¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªAndre Lwoff

    ˮĸÀà(The jellyfish group)£º¡¸¶ÔÓÚËüÃǵÄÀ´Ô´Óë·Ö»¯£¬ÎÒÃǵ±È»Ö»ÄÜ´§²â¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªRobert W. Hegner

    ÌгæÀà(Tapeworms)£º¡¸ÎÒÃDz»ÖªËüÃǵÄ×æÏÈÊÇÔõÑùµÄ£¬Ò಻֪µÀÌгæÔõÑù»á²ÉÈ¡ÁËÕâÖÖ¼ÄÉúÉú»îµÄ·½Ê½¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªMaurie Burton

    ½ÚÖ«¶¯ÎïÀà(The arthropods)£º¡¸½ÚÖ«¶¯ÎïÀàµÄ½ø»¯À´Ô´£¬ÄËÔÚ¾ÃÔ¶µÄÏȺ®ÎäÆÚÒþ²Ø×Å...¡¹¡ª¡ªR. E. Snodgrass

    Ö©Öë(Spiders)£º¡¸...ÎÒÃÇûÓÐÖ¤¾Ý¿ÉÒÔÖªµÀÖ©ÖëÊÇ´ÓÆäËûÉú´æ¡ª¡ª»òÒÑÌÔÌ­¡ª¡ªµÄ¶¯Îï½ø»¯¶øÀ´¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªWillis J. Gretsch

    À¥³æÀà(Insects)£º¡¸¶ÔÀ¥³æµÄÀ´Ô´ÎÊÌ⣬»¯Ê¯ÖÐûÓÐÖ¤¾Ý¿É¿¼£»ÎÒÃÇËùÖªµÄ×î¹ÅµÄÀ¥³æ£¬²¢Ã»ÓиÄÑù±äΪÆäËûµÄ½ÚÖ«¶¯Îï¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªFrank M. Carpenter

    ¼¹Ë÷¶¯Îï(Chordates)£º¡¸¶Ô¼¹Ë÷¶¯ÎïµÄÀ´Ô´£¬¿Æѧ¼ÒÃǺܸÐÀ§»ó£¬²»Äܾö¶¨ÄÇÒ»ÀàµÍµÈµÄ¶¯Îï½ø»¯µ½Õâ×îáá¡¢¶ø×î·Ö¹¤µÄÖÖÀà¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªAlfred M. Elliott

    ¼¹×µ¶¯ÎïÀà(The vertebrates)£º¡¸¸ù¾ÝÎÒÃÇÄ¿Ç°µÄ֪ʶ£¬¼ä¾àÈÔÎÞ·¨ÃÖ²¹¡£¶Ô¼¹×µ¶¯Îï½ø»¯µÄ¿ªÊ¼£¬×îºÃµÄµØ·½ÊÇÔÚÈ˵ÄÏëÏñ(imagination)ÖУ¡¡¹¡ª¡ªHomer W. Smith

    Á½ÆܸÙ(The amphibia)£º¡¸...ÎÒÃǽñÈÕ¶ÔÕâЩ¶¯ÎïµÄ֪ʶ...ʹÎÒÃDzúÉúÎÊÌâÖ®¶à£¬ÓÌÈçÎÒÃÇËù½â¾öµÄÎÊÌâ¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªD.M.S. Watson

    ÓãÀà(Fish)£º¡¸¶ÔÓãµÄÀ´Ô´ÊÇÉõ÷ᣬµØÖʵļÇÔØÖÁ½ñ»¹Ã»ÓÐÖ¤¾Ý¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªJ.R. Norman

    ÅÀ³æ¸Ù(The reptiles)£º¡¸ËüÃǵĽø»¯ÔÚ»¯Ê¯µÄ¼ÇÔØÖÐûÓÐÖ±½ÓµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬µ«ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¼ÙÉèËüÃÇÔÚÉõ÷áÌõ¼þÏ·¢Éú¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªR.A. Stirton

    ÄñÀà(Birds)£º¡¸×Ô´ï¶ûÎĵÄÎïÖÖÂÛ·¢±íÖ®áᣬһ¸öÊÀ¼ÍÒѾ­¹ýÈ¥£¬¶ÔÉúÃüÈçºÎ´«µÝ£¬»¹Óм«´óµÄÀ§ÄÑÐè´ý½â¾ö£¬¶ÔÄñÀà¸üÊÇÈç´Ë¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªW.E. Swinton

    ²¸È鶯Îï(Mammals)£º¡¸×î³õ½ø»¯³É¹¦µÄÕæÕý²¸È鶯Îï...ÊÇСÐÍʳ³æµÄ¶¯Îï¡£ËüÃÇÓëÅÀ³æÀàµÄ¹ØϵÊÇÉõ²»Ã÷°×¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªW.E. Scheele

    ÂíÀà(Horses)£º¡¸ÂíµÄÕæÕýÀ´Ô´ÊDz»ÖªµÄ¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªTracy I. Stocker

    Á鳤Ŀ(The Primates)£º¡¸×î³õµÄÁ鳤ÀàÔÚºÎʱºÎ´¦Ê×ÏȳöÏÖ£¬Ö»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ´§²â...ºÜÃ÷ÏԵأ¬×îÔçµÄÁ鳤ÀàÊÇÎÒÃÇ»¹Î´ÖªµÀµÄ...¡¹¡ª¡ªW.C.O. Hill

    ÈË(Man)£º¡¸ÎÒÃÇÈËÖÖÕæÕýµÄHomo sapiensÔںδ¦·¢Éú£¬»¹Ã»ÓÐÆÕ±éµÄͬÒ⡣ÿһ¸öר¼ÒÓÐËû×Ô¼ºµÄѧ˵£»Îª×Å×Ô¼ºµÄѧ˵£¬ËûºÃËÆĸÇ×±£»¤×Ô¼ºµÄº¢×ÓÒ»ÑùµØÓëÈËÕù¶·¡£¡¹¡ª¡ªRoy Chapman Andrews

    ÕâЩ½ø»¯ÂÛÕß×Ô¼ºµÄ¹©ÈÏ£¬ÊǶԽø»¯ÂÛ×îºÃµÄÆÀ×¢¡£

 

¡¾±»½Ò´©Á˵ÄħÊõ¡¿¿Æѧ²»ÊÇÕÜѧ£»¿ÆѧעÖØϸ½ÚÎÊÌ⣬´Óϸ½ÚµÄÃ÷Á˽ø¶øÑ°Ë÷Ô­Ôò¡£½ø»¯ÂÛµÄϸ½Ú¼È²»ÄÜÃ÷ȷ֪Ϥ£¬Î¯ÊµÎÞ·¨À´Ì¸Ô­ÔòÎÊÌâ¡£µ«ÎªÉõ÷á½Ì¿ÆÊéÉϽ«½ø»¯ÂÛÊÓΪ¡¸×îÔ¨²©Éî°ÂµÄѧ˵֮һ¡¹ÄØ£¿ÒòΪÖ÷ÕŽø»¯ÂÛµÄÈËÓÃһЩÏà·´µÄÊõÓïÀ´×°Åä׎ø»¯ÂÛ£¬×÷Ϊ¿ÉÕý¿É·´µÄ½âÊÍ¡£ÕâЩÊõÓïµÄÀý×Ó±ãÊÇ£º

    ½ø»¯(Evolution, Progression)Ö¸ÉúÎïÓɼòµ¥ÖÁ¸´Ôӵı仯¡£

    ÍË»¯(Degeneration, Regression)Ö¸ÉúÎïÓɸ´ÔÓÖÁ¼òµ¥µÄ±ä»¯¡£

    ΢±ä(Variation, Fluctuation)Ö¸ÉúÎï¶à´úϸ΢µÄ±ä»¯¡£

    Í»±ä(Mutation, Saltation)Ö¸ÉúÎïÒ»´ú¾Þ´óµÄ±ä»¯¡£

    Ç÷ͬ(Convergence)Ö¸²»Í¬ÎïÖÖÒòÉú»î»·¾³Ïàͬ¶ø¹¹ÔìÇ÷ì¶ÏàËÆ¡£

    Ç÷Òì(Divergence)ָͬһÎïÖÖÒòÉú»î»·¾³²»Í¬¶ø¹¹ÔìÇ÷ì¶ÏàÒì¡£

    ÌìÑ¡(Natural selection)Ö¸ÎïÖÖ²»ÊÊÓ¦»·¾³¶øÌÔÌ­¡£

    ÐÔÑ¡(Sex selection)Ö¸ÎïÖÖ²»ÊÊÓ¦ÒìÐÔ¶øÌÔÌ­¡£

    ´ËÍ⻹ÓÐÏÈÌìµÄ(genetic)¡¢ááÌìµÄ(acquired)¡¢Ö±½øµÄ(orthogenetic)¡¢Å¼È»µÄ(fortuitous)¡¢Á¬ÐøµÄ(continuous)¡¢²»Á¬ÐøµÄ(discontinuous)µÈµÈÏà·´µÄÐÎÈÝ´Ê¡£ËûÃÇÒÔΪÕâÑù£¬¶ÔÓÚÉúÎï»ò¼ò»ò·±£¬»òͬ»òÒ죬»ò´æ»òÍö£¬¶¼¿É½âÊÍ£¬±ã¿É½«½ø»¯ÂÛ×÷ΪÍòÄÜÖ®Ô¿£¬²»¹ÜÊÂʵÈçºÎ£¬¶¼¿ÉÓ­Èжø½â£¬ÎÞ²»ºàͨÁË¡£ÆäʵÄØ£¿ÔËÓÃÕâЩÏà·´µÄÃû´ÊÓÌÈçÔËÓÃË«¹ØÖ®´Ê£¬ËûÃÇÒѾ­²»×Ô¾õµØÔÚÍæŪħÊõ¼ÒµÄ¼¼Á©ÁË¡£ºÃËƽ«Ò»¸öÑóÍÞÍÞÅä×ÅËÄÕÅÃæ¿×£¬Ï²¡¢Å­¡¢°§¡¢ÀÖ¿ÉÒÔͬʱ±íÏÖ£¬ÔÚÈκλ·¾³Öж¼¿ÉÊÊÓ¦¡£ÔÚÏÂÊöµÄÒ»¸öÓÐȤµÄʵÀýÀÎÒÃǸüÄÜÇå³þµØ¿´´©½ø»¯ÂÛµÄÐéÕ©ÁË¡£ÃÀ¹úUniversity of Rochester´óѧÖÐÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö¡¸Í·ÄÔÑо¿ÖÐÐÄ¡¹(Brain Research Center)¡£¸ÃÖÐÐĵķ¶²©Ê¿(Dr. J.C. Frentress)Ñо¿¶þÖÖÓ¢¹ú÷ûÊó(voles)¡£ÔÚʵÑéÊÒÖУ¬Ò»ÖÖ÷ûÊó¿´¼û»î¶¯µÄÎïÌå±ã´ôÁ¢²»¶¯£¬µ«ÁíÒ»ÖÖ÷ûÊóÔÚͬÑùÇé¿ö֮ϱãÁ¢¼´ÌÓÅÜ£»Ò»ÖÖÄËÔÚÉ­ÁÖÖÐÉú»îµÄ£¬ÁíÒ»ÖÖÔòÔÚÌïÒ°ÖÐÆÜÏ¢µÄ¡£ì¶ÊÇ£¬·¶²©Ê¿½«Ëù·¢ÏÖµÄÊÂʵ£¬·î¸æ¸øһЩ¶¯Îïѧ¼Ò£¬ÒªÇóËûÃÇ×÷½ø»¯Â۵ĽâÊÍ¡£µ«ÊÂÏÈËû½«¶þÖÖÊÂʵµßµ¹¹ýÀ´£¬¼´½«±¾À´´ôÁ¢²»¶¯µÄ÷ûÊó£¬×÷ΪÁ¢¼´ÌÓÅܵģ»±¾À´ÌÓÅܵģ¬×÷Ϊ´ôÁ¢²»¶¯µÄ¡£ÕâЩ¶¯Îïѧ¼ÒÃÇ£¬²»ÖªÊÂÏÈÊÂʵÒѾ­µßµ¹£¬¾¹ÒàÄÜÓýø»¯ÂÛÀ´×÷Ò»¸ö¡¸Ê®·Ö˵·þµÄÓëÓÐȨÍþµÄ¡¹½âÊÍ£¡µ«ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬È´ÒÑÊÇ°Ù·ÖÖ®°ÙµÄ´íÎóÁË¡£½ø»¯ÂÛÕß¼ÈÒÔ½ø»¯Îª²»±äÒ×µÄÊÂʵ£¬ÓöÓÐÓë½ø»¯ÂÛì¶ÜµÄÏÖÏ󣬱ãºÁ²»ÓÌÔ¥µØȥѰÕÒ»ò·¢Ã÷ÊõÓïÀ´×ÔÔ²Æä˵ÁË¡£ËûÃǽ«ÀíÂÛÔÙ¼ÓÀíÂÛ£¬¼ÙÉèÔÙ¼Ó¼ÙÉ裬ºá¼ÓÐÞ²¹Ö®áᣬÒÔΪ»¹¿Éά³Ö¡£µ«ÕâÑùµÄ×÷·ç£¬Ç¡Óë×ÅÃûµÄÑÇÊÏÔ­Ôò(Occam's Razor)ÏàÎ¥±³¡£(ÑÇÊϾ¯¸æ½«¼ÙÉè×÷²»±ØÐèµÄÔö¼Ó£¬ÈÏΪ×îÖ±½ÓµÄ½âÊÍÊÇ×î¿É¿¿µÄ½âÊÍ¡£)ÓÐЩѧÕߣ¬¶ÔÉúÎïѧÉÏÄ¿Ç°»¹²»ÄÜÁ˽âµÄÏÖÏ󣬱ãÈ¥ÆòÁéÓÚ½ø»¯ÂÛ£¬Òò´Ë½«ÐèÒªÔÚ¿ÆѧÉÏ̽¾¿µÄÎÊÌ⡸²»½â¾ö¶ø½â¾ö¡¹ÁË£¬ÊµÊÇÁîÈ˱¯ÃõµÄÒ»»ØÊ¡£

 

¡¾¿Õ¶´µÄÖظ²´Ê¡¿¡¸ÃÀÀöÕßÔÃÄ¿¡¹£¬¡¸½¡¿µµÄÈËûÓв¡×´¡¹£¬¡¸ÈʴȵÄÈ˲»Ð׺ݡ¹µÈµÈ¾ä×Ó£¬¶¼ÊÇÊôÓÚ¶àâŵÄÖظ²´Ê(Tautology)£¬ÒòΪûÓÐ˵³öÉõ÷áʵ¼ÊµÄ¶«Î÷À´¡£Í¬Ñù£¬´ï¶ûÎĵġ¸ÊÊÕßÉú´æ¡¹£¬»òдï¶ûÎÄÂÛ(Neo-Darwinism)µÄ¡¸×ÓËÃ×î¶àµÄÎïÖÖÑÓÐø´æÁô¡¹(Survival of those who leave the most offspring)£¬ÒàÊôÓÚͬÑùµÄÖظ²´Ê¡£ÒòΪÕâЩ¾ä×Ó²»ÄÜÍÆ·­£¬ÃÀÀöÕßµ±È»ÔÃÄ¿£¬½¡¿µµÄÈ˵±È»Ã»Óв¡×´£¬ÊÊÕßÒ൱Ȼ½ÏÒ×Éú´æ£¬½ø»¯ÂÛÕß±ãÒÔΪѧ˵ÒѾ­³ÉÁ¢ÁË¡£Æäʵ£¬ÕâЩÖظ²´Ê²¢Ã»ÓÐÖ¤Ã÷ÈκÎÊÂʵ£¬Ö»ÊÇÎÞνµØÖØÊö¶øÒÑ¡£µ«½ø»¯ÂÛ̸ÎïÖÖÀ´Ô´£¬ËùÒÔËüµÄÖÐÐÄÎÊÌ⣬²»ÊÇ¡¸ÊÊÕßÉú´æ¡¹(Survival of the fittest)µÄÎÊÌ⣬ÄËÊÇ¡¸ÊÊÕßÓÉÀ´¡¹(Arrival of the fittest)µÄÎÊÌ⡣һλÉúÎïѧÕß˵£º¡¸Æäʵ£¬ÊÊÕß¿ÉÒÔÉú´æ¾ÍÎÞÐëÓкνø»¯·¢Éú¡£¡¹ËùÒÔÊÊÕßÉú´æ²¢²»µÈ춽ø»¯¡£

    Å£½ò´óѧ½ÌÊÚ´ïÊÏ(C.D. Darlington)ÈÏΪ´ï¶ûÎı¾ÈËÔÚ¶Ô½ø»¯ÂÛÓÐÕùÖ´µÄµØ·½£¬Òà¹ÊÒ⺬ºýÆä´Ê£¬Ê¹Ë«·½ÓÐÏà·´Òâ¼ûµÄÈË£¬¶¼ÒÔΪ´ïÊϵÄѧ˵·ûºÏËûÃǵÄÒâ¼û¡£Ëû˵£º¡¸´ï¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåÊ×ÏÈÊÇÒ»¸öÒÔ¡º×ÔÈ»ÌÔÌ­¡»À´½âÊͽø»¯µÄÀíÂÛ£¬×îáá³ÉΪһ¸ö¿ÉÒÔËæÒâÔõÑù½âÊͶ¼¿ÉµÄÀíÂÛ¡£¡¹

    ×îáᣬÎÒÃÇÒýÓöþλѧÕßµÄÒâ¼û×÷Ϊ½áÊø¡£G.H. DugganÔÚ¡¶Evolution & Philosophy¡·(N.A., 1949)ÖÐ˵£º¡¸¸÷ÖÖ¼«¶ËµÄ½ø»¯ÂÛÊÇ¿Æѧ½ø²½µÄ½¸Ê¯£¬ÒòΪʹÄÇЩÐÅÀµËüµÄÈË´íÈÏËûÃǵÄÎÊÌâ²¢´í½âÓɹ۲ìËùµÃµÄÂ۾ݡ£ÈôÉúÎïѧҪ½ø²½£¬Õâѧ˵±ØÐëÞðÆú£¬ÉõÖÁ²»¿É×÷Ϊһ¸ö¼Ù˵(Hypothesis)Ö®ÓÃ...¡£¡¹ÉúÀíѧ¼ÒT.N. Tahmisian˵£º¡¸ÄÇЩȥ½Ìµ¼½ø»¯ÂÛÊÇÉúÎï½çµÄÊÂʵµÄ¿Æѧ¼ÒÃÇÊÇ´óÆ­×Ó£¬ËûÃÇËù˵µÄ¹ÊÊÂÔÚÀúÊ·ÉÏ»òÐíÊÇ×î´óµÄ»ÑÑÔ¡£ÎÒÃÇûÓÐÒ»¶¡µãµÄÊÂʵ¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ½âÊͽø»¯ÂÛÖ®Óᣡ¹Ë­ÊÇÈö»ÑÕߣ¿¡¸Èö»ÑÕßÄËÊÇÒ»¸ö²»·ÖÏëÏñ(imagination)ÓëÇ鱨(information)µÄÈË¡£¡¹¡ª¡ª ºÎÌìÔñ¡¶ÈË´ÓÄÇÀïÀ´£¿¡·

ÈÏÊ